Onion, Garlic, Chive, and Leek Poisoning in Dogs

Why are onion, garlic, chive, and leek dangerous?

Onions, garlic, chives, and leeks belong to the Allium genus. These common kitchen ingredients are a common cause of poisoning in dogs, with garlic being the most toxic. The domesticated species commonly implicated in canine poisonings are Allium cepa (onion), Allium porrum (leek), Allium sativum (garlic), and Allium schoenoprasum (chive).

All forms are poisonous to dogs, including raw, cooked, dried, powdered, and liquid preparations. Dried and powdered forms contain a higher concentration of substance due to the water content being removed. For example, one teaspoon of garlic powder is equivalent to eight cloves of fresh garlic. For that reason, exposure to powdered forms creates a higher risk of poisoning. Human nutritional supplements may also be a source of these poisonous plants.

What are the signs of onion, garlic, chive, and leek poisoning?

Signs of poisoning vary depending upon the amount eaten. Gastrointestinal upset (gastroenteritis) commonly occurs with potentially any amount ingested. Signs may include:

• Irritation of the mouth
• Drooling
• Nausea, vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea

Eating larger amounts may cause red blood cell damage. Red blood cells are needed to carry oxygen throughout the body, so when they are destroyed, important organs do not get enough oxygen. Signs may include:

• Weakness
• Elevated heart rate
• Increased respiratory rate and effort; panting
• Pale gums
• Red-colored urine

Kidney damage can occur in dogs that have red blood cell destruction. If you suspect your pet has ingested any Allium species, call your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline, a 24/7 animal poison center, at 1-800-213-6680 right away.

How is onion, garlic, chive, and leek poisoning diagnosed?

Most cases of Allium poisoning are diagnosed in pets that have the expected signs, as well as changes in the red blood cells and a known or suspected ingestion. Bloodwork will be done to evaluate red blood cell counts and possibly kidney function.

How is onion, garlic, chive, and leek poisoning treated?

If a dog has ingested any Allium species, treatment includes decontamination, monitoring blood work, supportive care, and medication for clinical signs. If red blood cell destruction occurs, hospitalization for treatment may be recommended. If you believe your pet ingested any Allium species, it is important to immediately call your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline, a 24/7 animal poison center, at 1-800-213-6680, to have the risk of poisoning assessed.

How can onion, garlic, chive, and leek poisoning be prevented?

Preventing access to plants, herbs, seasonings, and supplements is key to avoiding poisoning.

• Never give food seasoned with onions or garlic to your dog.
• Fence off gardens and plant beds containing onions, garlic, chives, or leeks.
• Dispose of leftovers in an area where pets do not have access. Remember, some pets can open lower cabinets or get into open drawers, and some pets can get on counters or knock items off counters and tables.
• Never give medications or supplements to a pet without first consulting a veterinarian.
• Do not leave any vitamins or supplements where unattended pets may reach them. Pets commonly chew through closed bottles.
• Keep purses, backpacks, lunch boxes, and suitcases in areas where curious pets cannot get into them.
• If you drop any medications, plants, or seasonings, confine all pets to another area of the home until all the material can be picked up. Do not assume a pet will avoid eating something just because it has a bad taste.

If you suspect a poisoning, immediate action is recommended. Early consultation and treatment are often less expensive and can help prevent serious health effects.

Pet Poison Helpline, a pet poison center based out of Minneapolis, MN, is available 24/7 for pet owners and veterinary professionals that require assistance treating a potentially poisoned pet. The staff provides treatment advice for poisoning cases of all species, including dogs, cats, birds, small mammals, large animals, and exotic species. As the most cost-effective option for animal poison control care, Pet Poison Helpline’s per-incident fee includes follow-up consultations for the duration of the poison case. Pet Poison Helpline is available in North America by calling 800-213-6680. Additional information can be found online at www.petpoisonhelpline.com.